Chromium supplemented carbohydrate diets for Cirrhinus mrigala: effects on body composition, gut enzyme activity and hematological parameters / Dietas com carboidratos suplementados com cromo para Cirrhinus mrigala: efeitos sobre a composição corporal, atividade enzimática intestinal e parâmetros hematológicos

A ninety days nutritional trial was directed to explore the effects of dietary chromium on body composition, gut enzyme activity and physiological status of Cirrhinus mrigala by using G & NG corn. Six experimental diets were prepared by using different levels of chromium chloride hexahydrate (0, 0.2, 0.4 mg/kg, each with G & NG corn). For this experimental trial, 480 fingerlings, irrespective of sex were distributed in six aquariums each with replicate. Results revealed that gelatinized corn along with increasing level of Cr2Cl3.6H2O have a positive impact upon body composition of fish. Hematology was positively correlated with chromium chloride hexahydrate supplementation in gelatinized corn. Amylase gut enzyme also showed significant (P<0.05) increase in group fed with chromium chloride hexahydrate supplemented diet (G corn). However, corn with chromium chloride hexahydrate supplementation did not revealed any significant impact on gut protease enzyme activity. From these results it can be concluded that both chromium chloride hexahydrate and gelatinized corn in fish feed are very beneficial to improve body composition, enzymes activity and physiological health status of fish.

Um ensaio nutricional de 90 dias foi dirigido para explorar os efeitos do cromo dietético na composição corporal, atividade enzimática intestinal e estado fisiológico de Cirrhinus mrigala usando milho G & NG. Seis dietas experimentais foram preparadas usando diferentes níveis de cloreto de cromo hexa-hidratado (0, 0,2, 0,4 mg/kg, cada um com milho G e NG). Para este ensaio experimental, 480 alevinos, independentemente do sexo, foram distribuídos em seis aquários, cada um com réplicas. Os resultados revelaram que o milho gelatinizado, juntamente com o aumento do nível de Cr2Cl3.6H2O, tem um impacto positivo na composição corporal dos peixes. A hematologia foi positivamente correlacionada com a suplementação de cloreto de cromo hexa-hidratado em milho gelatinizado. A enzima amilase intestinal também apresentou aumento significativo (P <0,05) no grupo alimentado com dieta suplementada com cloreto de cromo hexa-hidratado (milho G). No entanto, o milho com suplementação de hexahidrato de cloreto de cromo não revelou nenhum impacto significativo na atividade da enzima protease intestinal. Desses resultados, pode-se concluir que tanto o cloreto de cromo hexa-hidratado quanto o milho gelatinizado na alimentação de peixes são muito benéficos para melhorar a composição corporal, a atividade de enzimas e o estado fisiológico de saúde dos peixes.

Supplementation with different non-fiber carbohydrate sources in dairy cow diets with high or low rumen-undegradable protein content / Suplementação com diferentes fontes de carboidratos não fibrosos em dietas para vacas leiteiras com alto ou baixo teor de proteína não degradável no rúmen

The objective for this study was to evaluate the supplementation with different non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) sources for grazing dairy cows in diets with high or low concentrations of rumen undegradable protein (RUP). Twelve multiparous cows averaging 30kg/d of milk production and 45±23 days in milk in a 4x4 Latin square design with 2 × 2 factorial arrangement were used. The difference in NFC content of the diets was achieved using ground corn (GC) or dried citrus pulp (DCP). Dietary RUP was altered by the partial replacement of soybean meal (LRUP) by roasted whole soybean and corn gluten meal (HRUP). Greater dry matter intake (DMI) was observed in DCP treatments compared to GC treatments (19.2 and 17.7kg/day of DM, respectively). Milk fat concentration was lower for LRUP treatments (3.4%) when compared to HRUP (3.6%). The milk protein concentration was greater for GC treatments (2.9%) in relation to DCP treatments (2.8%). Lower milk ureic nitrogen was observed when DCP diets were fed compared to those with GC (17.8 and 21.2mg/dL, respectively). The use of DCP as CNF source increased dry matter intake as well as milk fat concentration, although no differences in milk production were observed for RUP level.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a suplementação com diferentes fontes de carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF) em vacas manejadas a pasto em dietas com alta ou baixa concentração de proteína não degradável no rúmen (PNDR). Doze vacas multíparas com média de 30kg leite/ dia e 45±23 dias em lactação foram utilizadas em delineamento quadrado latino 4x4 com arranjo fatorial 2 × 2. As fontes de CNF foram milho moído (MM) e polpa cítrica seca (PC). A PNDR da dieta foi alterada pela substituição parcial do farelo de soja da dieta de baixa PNDR (BPNDR) por grão de soja tostado e farelo de glúten de milho dieta de alta PNDR (APNDR). Foi observado maior consumo de matéria seca (CMS) nos tratamentos com PC quando comparado aos tratamentos com MM (19,2 e 17,7kg / dia de MS, respectivamente). O teor de gordura do leite foi menor para os tratamentos com BPNDR (3,4%) em comparação aos tratamentos com APNDR (3,6%). O teor de proteína do leite foi maior nos tratamentos com MM (2,9%) em relação aos tratamentos com PC (2,8%). Foram observados menores teores de nitrogênio ureico no leite dos animais alimentados com PC em relação aos com MM (17,8 e 21,2mg / dL, respectivamente). O uso de PC como fonte de CNF aumentou o consumo de matéria seca, bem como o teor de gordura do leite, embora não tenham sido observadas diferenças na produção de leite relacionada a alteração nos teores de PNDR.(AU)

A high-carbohydrate diet induces greater inflammation than a high-fat diet in mouse skeletal muscle

We previously reported that both the high-carbohydrate diet (HCD) and high-fat diet (HFD) given for two months promote lipid deposition and inflammation in the liver and brain of mice. The results obtained indicate a tissue-specific response to both diets. Herein, we compared the effects of HCD and HFD on fatty acid (FA) composition and inflammation in the gastrocnemius muscle. Male Swiss mice were fed with HCD or HFD for 1 or 2 months. Saturated FA (SFA), monounsaturated FA (MUFA), n-3 polyunsaturated FA (n-3 PUFA), and n-6 PUFA were quantified. The activities of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD-1), Δ-6 desaturase (D6D), elongase 6, and de novo lipogenesis (DNL) were estimated. As for indicators of the inflammatory tissue state, we measured myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and gene expression of F4/80, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, and IL-10. The HCD led to a lower deposition of SFA, MUFA, n-3 PUFA, and n-6 PUFA compared to HFD. However, the HCD increased arachidonic acid levels, SFA/n-3 PUFA ratio, DNL, SCD-1, D6D, and MPO activities, and expression of IL-6, contrasting with the general idea that increased lipid deposition is associated with more intense inflammation. The HCD was more potent to induce skeletal muscle inflammation than the HFD, regardless of the lower lipid accumulation.

Association between ultra-processed food consumption and the nutrient profile of the Colombian diet in 2005 / Asociación entre el consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados y el perfil nutricional de la dieta de los colombianos en 2005

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the consumption of ultra-processed food and drink products and its association with the nutrient profile of the Colombian diet in 2005. Materials and methods: Food consumption based on 24-hour dietary records from 38 643 men and women was classified into four NOVA groups according to the extent and purpose of food processing. Results: Ultra-processed food and drink products represented 15.9% of the total energy daily intake, compared to 63.3% from minimally processed food, 15.8% from processed culinary ingredients, and 4.9% from processed food. Non-ultra-processed food items had a healthier nutritional profile compared to ultra-processed items in terms of contribution to total calories from protein, carbohydrates, total fat, saturated fat, free sugar, fiber and energy density. Conclusions: Ultra-processed food products have a less healthy nutrient profile than non-ultra-processed ones. An increase in the consumption of these foods must be prevented within Colombia.

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar el consumo de alimentos y bebidas ultraprocesadas y su asociación con el perfil nutricional dentro de la Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición de 2005 en Colombia. Material y métodos: El consumo de alimentos basados en registros alimentarios de 24 horas de 38 643 individuos se clasificó en cuatro grupos de NOVA. Resultados: Los productos de alimentos y bebidas ultraprocesados representaron 15.9% de la ingesta diaria total de energía, en comparación con 63.3% de los alimentos mínimamente procesados, 15.8% de los ingredientes culinarios procesados y 4.9% de los procesados. Los alimentos mínimamente procesados tenían un perfil nutricional más saludable en comparación con los artículos ultraprocesados en términos de contribución a las calorías totales, de proteínas, carbohidratos, grasa total, grasa saturada, azúcar libre, densidad de fibra y densidad de energía. Conclusiones: Los alimentos ultraprocesados tienen un perfil nutricional menos saludable que los alimentos no procesados.

Benefits of fasting abbreviation with carbohydrates and omega-3 infusion during cabg: a double-blind controlled randomized trial

Abstract Objective: To assess postoperative clinical data considering the association of preoperative fasting with carbohydrate (CHO) loading and intraoperative infusion of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFA). Methods: 57 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) were randomly assigned to receive 12.5% maltodextrin (200 mL, 2 h before anesthesia), (CHO, n=14); water (200 mL, 2 h before anesthesia), (control, n=14); 12.5% maltodextrin (200 mL, 2 h before anesthesia) plus intraoperative infusion of ω-3 PUFA (0.2 g/kg), (CHO+W3, n=15); or water (200 mL, 2 h before anesthesia) plus intraoperative infusion of ω-3 PUFA (0.2 g/kg), (W3, n=14). The need for vasoactive drugs was analyzed, in addition to postoperative inflammation and metabolic control. Results: There were two deaths (3.5%). Patients in CHO groups presented a lower incidence of hospital infection (RR=0.29, 95% CI 0.09-0.94; P=0.023), needed fewer vasoactive drugs during surgery and ICU stay (P<0.05); and had better blood glucose levels in the first six hours of recovery (P=0.015), requiring less exogenous insulin (P=0.018). Incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) varied significantly among groups (P=0.009). Subjects who receive ω-3 PUFA groups had fewer occurrences of POAF (RR=4.83, 95% CI 1.56-15.02; P=0.001). Patients in the W3 group had lower ultrasensitive-CRP levels at 36 h postoperatively (P=0.008). Interleukin-10 levels varied among groups (P=0.013), with the highest levels observed in the postoperative of patients who received intraoperative infusion of ω-3 PUFA (P=0.049). Conclusion: Fasting abbreviation with carbohydrate loading and intraoperative infusion of ω-3 PUFA is safe and supports faster postoperative recovery in patients undergoing on-pump CABG.

Determinantes de la salud en adultos de la ciudad de Chimbote, Perú: estudio descriptivo / Health determinants in adults in Chimbote, Peru: a descriptive study

Resumen Objetivo Describir los determinantes de la salud en adultos de la jurisdicción de la Red de Salud Pacifico Norte y Sur de la ciudad de Chimbote. Métodos Se realizó un estudio descriptivo no controlado. Los determinantes de la salud fueron descritos mediante las dimensiones: del entorno biosocioeconómico, de los estilos de vida y de las redes sociales y comunitarias. Para el análisis descriptivo de variables categóricas se utilizaron frecuencias relativas y absolutas. Resultados Se incluyeron 1496 adultos. En los determinantes del entorno biosocioeconómico, el 62,2% son mujeres y 53,3% adultos mayores. En determinantes de estilos de vida, el 52,4% no fuma, ni ha fumado nunca de manera habitual, 50,5% no consumen bebidas alcohólicas y 66,9% duerme de seis a ocho horas. En determinantes de apoyo comunitario, el 53% se atendió en estos 12 últimos meses en un puesto de salud, 47,5% considera que el lugar donde se atendió se encuentra a regular distancia desde su vivienda y 64,6% tiene Seguro Integral de Salud del Ministerio de Salud peruano, SIS­MINSA. Conclusión La mayoría de las personas estudiadas culminó estudios secundarios y no accedió a mejores escalas salariales. La mayoría cuenta con vivienda propia y servicios básicos, pero viven en hacinamiento. Predomina el sedentarismo y alimentación elevada en carbohidratos.

Abstract Objetive To describe health determinants in adults of the Jurisdiction of the North and South Pacific Health Network of the city of Chimbote. Methods A non-controlled descriptive study was carried out. Health determinants were described according to bio-socioeconomic environment, determinants of lifestyles, and determinants of social and community networks. For the descriptive analysis of categorical variables, relative and absolute frequencies were used. Results 1 496 adults were included. Among determinants of bio socioeconomic environment, 62.2% were women and 53.3% were older adults. In determinants of lifestyles, 52.4% did not smoke, nor have ever smoked regularly, 50.5% did not consume alcoholic beverages, and 66.9% had 6 to 8 hours of sleep. As for determinants of community support, 53% were treated in a health post in the previous 12 months, 47.5% considered that the healthcare post was mid-distance from their home, and 64.6% had insurance of the SIS-MINSA. Conclusion Most of the participants finished high school and did not reach better salary scales. Most own their homes and have access to basic services, but live in overcrowded conditions. A sedentary lifestyle and a high carbohydrate diet are predominant.

La alimentación para pacientes con diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 en tres hospitales públicos de Cundinamarca, Colombia / Feeding in adults with type II diabetes mellitus in three public hospitals in Cundinamarca, Colombia

Resumen Introducción. En el mundo y en Colombia, la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 es una de las principales causas de morbimortalidad, y afecta principalmente a los hombres y mujeres mayores de 45 años. Un control inapropiado de la enfermedad puede desembocar en mayores complicaciones de salud y convertirla en una de las de más alto costo. El tratamiento incluye otros componentes, además del control de la glucemia, así como un seguimiento constante del personal médico, y actividades educativas dirigidas al paciente y a su familia. Objetivo. Caracterizar la alimentación de pacientes con diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 en tres hospitales públicos de Cundinamarca. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio descriptivo y transversal con 212 pacientes, el cual incluyó el análisis sociodemográfico, el de la frecuencia del consumo de alimentos y las prácticas alimentarias. Resultados. La mayoría de la población era mayor de 45 años y tenía un bajo nivel educativo; el 52 % contaba con un plan de alimentación, y solo el 8,9 % recibía orientación nutricional a cargo de un nutricionista. Predominó el consumo de carbohidratos y un bajo consumo de proteínas, vitaminas, minerales y fibra. El consumo de azúcares era menor en los pacientes que tenían un plan dietético (p<0,05). Conclusiones. La mayoría de los pacientes no recibía una alimentación adecuada. Se evidenció un deficiente cumplimiento del tratamiento dietético, así como limitaciones en la asesoría nutricional y barreras de acceso a los alimentos. Estos resultados contribuirán a mejorar las políticas de prevención y control de la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 y las estrategias que tengan en cuenta el contexto sociocultural de los pacientes.

Abstract Introduction: Type II diabetes mellitus (DMII) is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality both worldwide and in Colombia. It mainly affects men and women over 45 years of age. Inadequate control of this disease can generate greater health complications making it one of the most costly diseases in the country. Treatment includes activities other than glycemic control and requires constant monitoring by medical personnel and educational processes directed at the patient and his or her family. Objective: To characterize the feeding of patients with DMII in three public hospitals of Cundinamarca. Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study of 212 patients that analyzed sociodemographic characteristics, frequency of consumption and feeding practices. Results: Most of the population was over 45 years old and had a low educational level. In total, 52% had a dietary plan, but only 8.9% received nutritional guidance from a nutritionist. The consumption of carbohydrates predominated, with low consumption of proteins, vitamins, minerals, and fiber. The consumption of sugars was lower in patients with a dietary plan (p <0.05). Conclusions: Most of the patients did not have an adequate nutrition; moreover, there was low adherence to dietary treatment, weakness in nutritional counseling and barriers to food access. These results can contribute to improving policies for the prevention and control of DMII and strategies based on the sociocultural context of the patients.

Effect of pre-exercise carbohydrate availability on fat oxidation and energy expenditure after a high-intensity exercise

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that reduced pre-exercise carbohydrate (CHO) availability potentiates fat oxidation after an exhaustive high-intensity exercise bout. Eight physically active men underwent a high-intensity exercise (∼95% V̇O2max) until exhaustion under low or high pre-exercise CHO availability. The protocol to manipulate pre-exercise CHO availability consisted of a 90-min cycling bout at ∼70% V̇O2max + 6 × 1-min at 125% V̇O2max with 1-min rest, followed by 48 h under a low- (10% CHO, low-CHO availability) or high-CHO diet (80% CHO, high-CHO availability). Time to exhaustion was shorter and energy expenditure (EE) lower during the high-intensity exercise in low- compared to high-CHO availability (8.6±0.8 and 11.4±1.6 min, and 499±209 and 677±343 kJ, respectively, P<0.05). Post-exercise EE was similar between low- and high-CHO availability (425±147 and 348±54 kJ, respectively, P>0.05), but post-exercise fat oxidation was significantly higher (P<0.05) in low- (7,830±1,864 mg) than in high-CHO availability (6,264±1,763 mg). The total EE (i.e., exercise EE plus post-exercise EE) was similar between low- and high-CHO availability (924±264 and 1,026±340 kJ, respectively, P>0.05). These results suggest that a single bout of high-intensity exercise performed under low-CHO availability increased post-exercise fat oxidation, and even with shorter exercise duration, both post-exercise EE and total EE were not impaired.

Changing paradigms in preoperative fasting: results of a joint effort in pediatric surgery / Mudando paradigmas em jejum pré-operatório: resultados de um mutirão em cirurgia pediátrica

ABSTRACT Background: Current researches associate long fasting periods to several adverse consequences. The fasting abbreviation to 2 h to clear liquids associated with the use of drinks containing carbohydrates attenuates endocrinometabolic response to surgical trauma, but often is observed children advised to not intake food from 00:00 h till the scheduled surgical time, regardless of what it is. Aim: To evaluate the safety of a protocol of preoperative fasting abbreviation with a beverage containing carbohydrates, and early postoperative feeding in children underwent elective small/mid-size surgical procedures during a national task-force on pediatric surgery. Methods: Thirty-six patients were prospectively included, and for several reasons five were excluded. All 31 who remained in the study received a nutritional supplement containing 150 ml of water plus 12.5% maltodextrin 2 h before the procedure. Data of the pre-operative fasting time, anesthetic complications and time of postoperative refeeding, were collected. Results: Twenty-three (74.2%) were males, the median age was 5 y, and the median weight was 20 kg. The median time of pre-operative fasting was 145 min and the time of post-operative refeeding was 135 min. There were no adverse effects on the anesthetic procedures or during surgery. Post-operatively, two children (6.5%) vomited. Conclusion: The abbreviation of pre-operative fasting to 2 h with beverage containing carbohydrate in pediatric surgery is safe. Early refeeding in elective small/mid-size procedures can be prescribed.

RESUMO Racional: Trabalhos atuais associam longos períodos de jejum com diversas consequências adversas. A abreviação do jejum de 2 h para líquidos claros associado ao uso de bebidas contendo carboidratos atenua resposta endocrinometabólica ao trauma, porém frequentemente as crianças são orientadas a não ingerir alimentos a partir das 00:00 h do dia anterior à operação, independente do horário do procedimento cirúrgico. Objetivo: Avaliar a segurança de um protocolo de abreviação do jejum pré-operatório, com o uso de bebida contendo carboidratos, e realimentação precoce. Métodos: Foram avaliados prospectivamente 36 crianças submetidas a procedimentos cirúrgicos eletivos de pequeno e médio porte. Cinco foram posteriormente excluídos do estudo. Todos os 31 remanescentes receberam suplemento nutricional com maltodextrina 12,5% em 150 ml de água aproximadamente 2 h antes do procedimento. Foram coletados dados do tempo de jejum pré-operatório, complicações anestésicas e tempo de realimentação. Resultados: Vinte e três (74,2%) eram do gênero masculino, com idade mediana de cinco anos e peso mediano de 20 kg. O tempo mediano de jejum pré-operatório foi de 145 min e o tempo mediano para realimentação foi de 135 min. Não houve eventos adversos durante a anestesia ou operação. No período pós-operatório, duas (6,5%) crianças vomitaram. Conclusão: A abreviação de jejum pré-operatório para 2 h com uso de bebida contendo carboidratos, em operações eletivas de crianças, é seguro e não está associado ao maior risco de broncoaspiração pulmonar. Realimentação precoce pode ser prescrita nos procedimentos cirúrgicos analisados.

Balanço de macronutrientes na dieta de idosos brasileiros: análises da Pesquisa Nacional de Alimentação 2008-2009 / Balance of macronutrient intake among Brazilian elderly: analysis of the National Dietary Survey 2008-2009

RESUMO: Objetivo: Analisar a contribuição de proteína, lipídio e carboidrato no total de energia da dieta de idosos das diferentes regiões brasileiras. Métodos: Foram analisados dados de 4.286 idosos (60 a 104 anos) provenientes da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2008/2009. Baseado no consumo obtido por dois registros alimentares, o programa Multiple Source Method estimou o consumo habitual de macronutrientes e gordura saturada. As recomendações do Institute of Medicine (IOM), segundo os Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR), foram utilizadas para avaliar a participação relativa dos macronutrientes de acordo com percentual energético (PE). Modelos de regressão linear identificaram diferenças entre PE dos macronutrientes, situação do domicílio, macrorregiões e gênero. Resultados: A proteína foi o macronutriente que apresentou maior concordância com o AMDR (99,8%). Com relação ao PE lipídico, observou-se que 9,2% da população ficaram acima da recomendação, sendo o dobro do encontrado para carboidrato (4,9%) e nove vezes o percentual de idosos, cujo PE-proteico (1,0%) foi acima do recomendado. Em 14,5% dos idosos a ingestão de carboidratos foi abaixo da AMDR, sendo que essas dietas apresentaram maior PE lipídico (β = 8,19; p < 0,001), revelando que 50% dos idosos que consumiam carboidratos abaixo do PE recomendado apresentou um consumo excessivo de lipídio. Segundo macrorregiões, o Centro-Oeste foi o único a apresentar diferença para carboidrato, sendo esta de menor percentual (51,6%; p < 0,05). A região Sul (17,9%; p < 0,01) apresentou o menor PE proteico e o maior de lipídios (28,7%; p < 0,01). Conclusões: A elevada frequência de inadequação da ingestão de lipídio pode significar uma pior qualidade da dieta, contribuindo com o aumento no risco de desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas.

ABSTRACT: Objective: This study aimed at evaluating the balance in the intake of protein, carbohydrate, and fat among the Brazilian elderly population. Methods: The data analyzed were taken from the National Dietary Survey 2008-2009, from a total of 4,286 Brazilian elders (60-104 years old). Based on the dietary intake obtained from two food records, the Multiple Source Method (MSM) was used to evaluate the macronutrients and saturated fat. The AMDR (Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range), by the Institute of Medicine (IOM), was used to evaluate the macronutrient energy percentage (%E). Linear regression models identified differences between macronutrients %E and household location (urban or rural), Brazilian macro-regions and gender. Results: Protein intake showed higher agreement with the AMDR reference value (99.86%). It was observed that in 9.2% of the population, fat intake was higher than the reference value, almost twice as high as the carbohydrate-energy percentage (4.9%) and nine times higher than protein (1.0%). Among those with low carbohydrate-energy percentage, 14.5% had higher fat-energy percentage (β = 8.19; p < 0.001), which means that 50% of the elderly whose carbohydrate intake was above the recommendation presented an overconsumption of fat. According to the macro-regions, the Midwest region was the only one to show differences for carbohydrate-energy percentage, which was lower than the others regions (51.6%; p < 0.05). The South region presented the lowest protein-energy percentage (17.9%; p < 0.01) and the highest fat-energy percentage (28.7%; p < 0.01). Conclusion: Higher prevalence of inadequate fat intake among the Brazilian elderly may indicate an important public health problem that is associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases.

Sedentary Lifestyle and High-Carbohydrate Intake are Associated with Low-Grade Chronic Inflammation in Post-Menopause: A Cross-sectional Study / Sedentarismo e alto consumo de carboidratos associados à inflamação crônica de baixo grau na pós-menopausa: um estudo transversal

Abstract Introduction Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in post menopausal women, and inflammation is involved in the atherosclerosis process. Purpose to assess whether dietary pattern, metabolic profile, body composition and physical activity are associated with low-grade chronic inflammation according to highsensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels in postmenopausal women. Methods ninety-five postmenopausal participants, with no evidence of clinical disease, underwent anthropometric, metabolic and hormonal assessments. Usual dietary intake was assessed with a validated food frequency questionnaire, habitual physical activity was measured with a digital pedometer, and body composition was estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Patients with hs-CRP ≥ 10 mg/L or using hormone therapy in the last three months before the study were excluded from the analysis. Participants were stratified according to hs-CRP lower or ≥3 mg/L. Sedentary lifestyle was defined as walking fewer than 6 thousand steps a day. Two-tailed Student's t-test, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U or Chi-square (x 2) test were used to compare differences between groups. A logistic regression model was used to estimate the odds ratio of variables for high hs-CRP. Results participants with hs-CRP ≥ 3 mg/L had higher body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, waist circumference (WC), triglycerides, glucose, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (p = 0.01 for all variables) than women with hs-CRP <3 mg/L. Also, women with hs-CRP ≥3 mg/L had a higher glycemic load diet and lower protein intake. Prevalence of sedentary lifestyle (p < 0.01) and metabolic syndrome (p < 0.01) was higher in women with hs-CRP ≥3 mg/L. After adjustment for age and time since menopause, the odds ratio for hs- CRP ≥3 mg/L was higher for sedentary lifestyle (4.7, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.4-15.5) and carbohydrate intake (2.9, 95%CI 1.1-7.7). Conclusions sedentary lifestyle and high-carbohydrate intake were associated with low-grade chronic inflammation and cardiovascular risk in postmenopause.

Resumo Introdução A doença cardiovascular é a principal causa de morte em mulheres na pós-menpausa e inflamação está envolvida com o processo de aterosclerose. Objetivo avaliar se o padrão alimentar, o perfilmetabólico, a composição corporal e a atividade física estão associados à inflamação crônica de baixo grau, de acordo com os níveis de proteína C-reativa (PCR-us), em mulheres na pós-menopausa. Métodos noventa e cinco participantes pós-menopáusicas foram submetidas a avaliações antropométrica, metabólica e hormonal. A ingestão alimentar foi avaliada por meio de questionário de frequência alimentar, a atividade física habitual, com pedômetro digital, e a composição corporal, por bioimpedância elétrica. Pacientes com PCR-us ≥10 mg/L ou em uso de terapia hormonal nos últimos três meses antes do estudo foram excluídas. As participantes foram estratificadas de acordo PCR-us inferior ou ≥3 mg/L. Pacientes com menos de 6 mil passos/dia foram consideradas sedentárias. Para análise estatística foram utilizados teste t de Student, Wilcoxon-Mann- Whitney U ou Qui-quadrado (x 2), além de modelo de regressão logística para estimar a razão de chances para PCR-us elevada. Resultados participantes com PCR-us ≥3 mg/L apresentaram maior índice de massa corporal (IMC), percentual de gordura corporal, circunferência da cintura, triglicerídeos, glicose e índice de insulino-resistência (HOMA-IR) (p = 0,01) comparadas às mulheres com PCR-us <3 mg/L. O grupo PCR-us ≥3 mg/L apresentou uma dieta com maior carga glicêmica e menor ingestão de proteínas. A prevalência de sedentarismo e síndrome metabólica foi maior em mulheres com PCR-us ≥3 mg/L (p < 0,01). Após ajuste para idade e tempo de menopausa, a razão de chances para PCR-us ≥3mg/L foi maior nas sedentárias (4,7, intervalo de confiança de 95% [95%CI] 1,4-15,5) e com maior ingestão de carboidratos (2,9, 95%CI 1.1-7,7). Conclusões Sedentarismo e alta ingestão de carboidratos foram associados com inflamação crônica de baixo grau e risco cardiovascular em mulheres na pósmenopausa.

Enhanced muscle strength with carbohydrate supplement two hours before open cholecystectomy: a randomized, double-blind study / Melhora da força muscular com suplemento contendo carboidratos duas horas antes de colecistectomia por laparotomia: estudo randomizado e duplo cego

Objective: to investigate the effects of preoperative fasting abbreviation with oral supplementation with carbohydrate in the evolution of grip strength in patients undergoing cholecystectomy by laparotomy. Methods : we conducted a clinical, randomizeddouble blind study with adult female patients, aged 18-60 years. Patients were divided into two groups: Control Group, with fasting prescription 6-8h until the time of operation; and Intervention Group, which received prescription of fasting for solids 6-8h before surgery, but ingested an oral supplement containing 12.5% carbohydrate, six (400ml) and two (200ml) hours before theprocedure. The handgrip strength was measured in both hands in both groups, at patient's admission (6h before surgery), the immediate pre-operative time (1h before surgery) and 12-18h postoperatively. Results : we analyzed 27 patients, 14 in the intervention group and 13 in the control group. There was no mortality. The handgrip strength (mean [standard deviation]) was significantly higher in the intervention group in the three periods studied, in at least one hand: preoperatively in the dominant hand (27.8 [2.6] vs 24.1 [3.7] kg; p=0.04), in the immediate preoperative in both hands, and postoperatively in the non-dominant hand (28.5 [3.0] vs 21.3 [5.9] kg; p=0.01). Conclusion : the abbreviation of preoperative fasting to two hours with drink containing carbohydrate improves muscle function in the perioperative period.

Objetivo : investigar os efeitos da abreviação do jejum pré-operatório com suplementação oral contendo carboidrato na evolução da força de preensão palmar em indivíduos submetidos à colecistectomia por laparotomia. Métodos : estudo clínico randomizado e duplo cego em pacientes adultos do sexo feminino, com idade entre 18 a 60 anos. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo controle, com prescrição de jejum de 6-8h até o momento da operação e o grupo intervenção, que recebeu prescrição de jejum para sólidos de 6-8h, porém ingeriu um suplemento oral contendo 12,5% de carboidrato, seis (400ml) e duas (200ml) horas antes do procedimento operatório. A força de preensão palmar foi aferida em ambas as mãos nos dois grupos, no momento de internação do paciente (6h antes da operação), no pré-operatório imediato (1h antes da operação) e com 12-18h de pós-operatório. Resultados : foram analisados 27 pacientes, 14 do grupo intervenção e 13 do grupo controle. Não houve mortalidade. A força de preensão palmar (média [desvio padrão] foi significantemente maior no grupo intervenção nos três períodos estudados, em ao menos uma das mãos: no pré-operatório na mão dominante (27,8 [2,6] vs. 24,1 [3,7] kg; p=0,04), no pré-operatório imediato nas duas mãos, e no pós-operatório na mão não dominante (28,5 [3,0] vs. 21,3 [5,9] kg; p=0,01). Conclusão : a abreviação do jejum pré-operatório para duas horas com bebida contendo carboidrato melhora a função muscular no período perioperatório.

Hábito alimentar e síndrome metabólica em uma amostra de adultos brasileiros / Eating habit and metabolic syndrome in a sample of Brazilian adults

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar indicadores relacionados ao hábito alimentar e sua associação com síndrome metabólica (SMet) em amostra representativa de adultos de uma comunidade do interior do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. A amostra foi composta por 1.112 sujeitos de ambos os sexos, com idades ≥ 20 anos. A coleta de dados constituiu de informações sociodemográficas, indicadores quanto aos hábitos alimentares, medidas antropométricas, pressão arterial em repouso, dosagens de glicemia e lipídeos plasmáticos. A SMet foi identificada de acordo com critérios definidos pelo NCEP-ATP III. Os resultados apontaram que menos de 10% da amostra apresentou consumo adequado de frutas e hortaliças. Consumo regular de alimentos ricos em gordura (≥ 5 dias/semana) foi relatado por 54,2% e de produtos açucarados e refrigerantes por 38,6% da amostra. Sexo, idade, escolaridade, classe econômica familiar e estado nutricional influenciaram significativamente os hábitos alimentares. A proporção de ocorrência de SMet se aproximou dos 24%, significativamente mais elevada nos homens (27,8% vs 20,3%; p = 0,005). Risco de identificar SMet em sujeitos que relataram não consumir frutas e hortaliças regularmente foi aproximadamente duas vezes maior que em seus pares que relataram consumo adequado (mulheres: OR = 1,93; 95% IC 1,51 - 2,38; homens: OR = 2,04; 95% IC 1,63 - 2,40). Exposição de risco para SMet foi progressivamente maior de acordo com o maior consumo relatado de alimentos ricos em gordura, produtos açucarados e refrigerantes. Os achados sugerem intervenções imediatas voltadas à adoção de hábitos alimentares saudáveis, auxiliando na minimização dos riscos de aparecimento e desenvolvimento da SMet.

The objective was to analyze indicators related to eating habits and their association with metabolic syndrome (MetS) in a representative sample of adults in a community from State of São Paulo, Brazil. The sample was comprised of 1,112 participants aged ≥ 20 years. Data from sociodemographic issues, indicators regarding eating habits, anthropometric measures, resting arterial pressure, blood glucose and plasma lipids were registered. MetS was assessed according to the NCEP-ATP III criteria. The results showed that adequate consumption of fruits and vegetables was reported by less than 10% of the individuals. Regular consumption of fatty foods (≥ 5 days/week) was reported by 54.2% and sugar-added products and soft drinks by 38.6% of the interviewees. Gender, age, schooling, socioeconomic level and nutritional status influenced significantly the eating habits. Prevalence of MetS was approximately 24%, significantly higher in men (27,8% vs 20,3%; p = 0.005). Risk to identify MetS in individuals who reported not consuming regularly fruits and vegetables was approximately two times higher than their peers who reported adequate intake (women: OR = 1.93; 95% CI 1.51 - 2.38; men: OR = 2.04; 95% CI 1.63 - 2.40). Exposure risk for MetS was progressively higher according to reported higher consumption of fatty foods, sugar-added products and soft drinks. The findings suggest interventions in order to emphasize healthy eating habits, which could help to minimize risk of MetS.

Ingesta energética y de macronutrientes en mujeres embarazadas en el noreste de México / Intakes of energy and macronutrients in pregnant women in the northeast of Mexico

Estudio descriptivo y transversal primero en reportar la ingesta dietética de energía y de macronutrientes en mujeres en gestación en la zona noreste de México. Muestra por conveniencia de 125 mujeres embarazadas (15-45 años) en el tercer trimestre, que acudieron a consulta prenatal del Hospital Regional Materno Infantil, Nuevo León, México. Se reportaron último nivel de estudios, estatus marital y profesional, peso, talla, e índice de masa corporal (IMC). Se evaluó la dieta mediante la técnica de recordatorio de ingesta del día anterior, en 3 días no consecutivos. Se valoró la ingesta de energía y la contribución calórica porcentual de macronutrientes según las recomendaciones de ingesta de mujeres embarazadas. La ingesta energética fue de 1683,8 Cal/ día. La contribución calórica de grasa saturada fue mayor a la recomendación en 53,6 % de las mujeres. 76,8 % de las participantes consumieron más de 55 % de la energía de hidratos de carbono, mientras que 86,4 % consumió azúcares por arriba de lo sugerido. La mediana de consumo de proteína fue de 12,0 % de la energía total. 75% de las participantes consumieron menos de 22,5 g de fibra dietética total. La importancia de conocer la ingesta de energía y de macronutrientes en mujeres embarazadas se debe a la posible influencia que la dieta tiene sobre la programación del apetito del niño y las complicaciones de la madre. Los resultados sugieren brindar recomendaciones nutricias adecuadas para cada mujer desde el primer trimestre de gestación, según su estado nutricional y entorno social.

Descriptive and transversal study, first to report the dietary intake of energy and macronutrients in pregnant women in the northeast of Mexico. Convenience sample of 125 pregnant women (15-45 years of age) in the third trimester, who were prenatal patients in the Hospital Regional Materno Infantil, Nuevo León, Mexico. It was reported the level of studies, marital and professional status, weight, height and body mass index (BMI). Diet was evaluated by 24-hour food recalls, in 3 non-consecutive days. There were analyzed the intake of energy and the percentage contribution of calories from macronutrients according to the recommendations of intake of pregnant women. Intake of energy was 1683,8 Cal/day. The caloric contribution of saturated fat was higher than the recommendation in 53,6 % of women. 76,8 % of participants ate more than 55 % of energy from carbohydrates, while 86,4 % ate more sugars than the amount suggested. The median intake of protein was 12,0 % of total energy intake. 75% of participants consumed less than 22,5 g of total dietary fiber. The relevance of knowing the intakes of energy and macronutrients in pregnant women may be due to the possible influence of diet over the child’s appetite and maternal complications. Results of this study suggest the need to provide women with adequate nutritional recommendations since the first trimester of gestation, according to their nutritional status and social environment.

Healthy eating index of elderly: description and association with energy, macronutrients and micronutrients intake

The purpose of this study was to define the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) of the elderly of Southern Brazil and its association with energy, macronutrients and micronutrients intake. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 186 elderly aged 60 and older of the Geriatric Service of São Lucas Hospital, Porto Alegre , Brazil. Dietary data were collected by two 24-hour recalls, and diet quality was assessed by HEI adapted to the Brazilian population. The HEI total score was divided into three categories: inadequate diet (below 51 points), diet needs improvement (between 51 and 80 points), and healthy diet (over 80 points). The results showed that the mean HEI score was 58.8±10.5 points (ranging from 31.4 to 79.8). Most elderly (74.2%) showed a diet that needed modification and no elderly individual had a healthy diet. The quality of the diet was associated with greater intake of carbohydrates, and lower intake of total lipids, saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, and sodium. Consumption of vitamins C and D and calcium was shown to be positively correlated with the quality of the diet. Less than 1.1% of the elderly consumed a varied diet. The findings suggest that the diet of the majority of the elderly needs improvement, reinforcing the importance of care in relation to adequate nutrition in this population, and can help in guiding the activities and programs of nutritional education and public policies that stimulate increasingly healthy eating.

Índice de alimentação saudável de idosos: descrição e associação com ingestão de energia, macronutrientes e micronutrientes. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o Índice de Alimentação Saudável (IAS) de idosos do Sul do Brasil e sua associação com a ingestão de energia, macronutrientes e micronutrientes. Foi realizado um estudo transversal com 186 idosos com 60 anos ou mais, do Serviço de Geriatria do Hospital São Lucas, Porto Alegre, Brasil. Os dados relativos ao consumo alimentar foram coletados através de dois recordatórios de 24 horas, e a qualidade da dieta foi avaliada pelo IAS, adaptado à população brasileira e o escore total foi dividido em três categorias: dieta inadequada (abaixo de 51 pontos), dieta necessitando de adequação (entre 51 e 80 pontos), e dieta saudável (mais de 80 pontos). Os resultados mostraram que a média do IAS foi 58,8±10,5 pontos (variando de 31,4 a 79,8 pontos). A maioria dos idosos (74,2%) apresentou uma dieta que necessitava de modificação e nenhum idoso tinha uma dieta saudável. A qualidade da dieta foi associada com maior ingestão de carboidrato e baixa ingestão de gordura total, gordura saturada, colesterol e sódio. O consumo de vitaminas C e D e cálcio mostrou-se positivamente correlacionado com a qualidade da dieta. Menos de 1,1% dos idosos consumia uma dieta variada. Os resultados sugerem que a dieta da maioria dos idosos necessita de adequação, reforçando a importância dos cuidados em relação à nutrição adequada desta população e podem auxiliar na orientação de atividades e programas de educação nutricional e políticas públicas que estimulem a prática de uma alimentação mais saudável.

Advice for salt, sugar and fat intake habits among adults: a national-based study / Recebimento de orientacao sobre consumo de sal, acucar e gorduras em adultos: um estudo de base nacional

INTRODUCTION : A healthy diet is recognized as an important strategy for promoting health as an essential part of non-pharmacological therapy of various health problems. OBJECTIVE : To analyze the reported advice for the intake of salt, sugar and fat for the Brazilian adults living in urban areas. METHODOLOGY : National-based cross-sectional study with 12,402 adults interviewed in 100 Brazilian cities. RESULTS : The most prevalent advice was to low fat intake (38%), followed by the advice to low salt and sugar intake (36%) and sugar (29%). The percentage of receiving different advice was similar and more common among women, older people, those with a partner, higher economic class, former smokers, active and in person with physician diagnoses of hypertension, diabetes and overweight. People with white skin color received more advice to eat healthy food, except for the orientation to low salt intake. CONCLUSION : The results show a low prevalence of advice, which configures a missed opportunity to prevent health problems. Although dietary counseling should not be understood only as the transmission of advice regarding some nutrients, it is important to develop actions in order to qualify services and health professionals, allowing the population to have access to qualified information about the benefits of having healthy lifestyles. .

INTRODUÇÃO : A alimentação saudável é amplamente reconhecida como uma importante estratégia para promoção da saúde e também como parte essencial da terapia não farmacológica de diversos agravos à saúde. OBJETIVO : Investigar o recebimento de orientação para ingestão de pouco sal, açúcar e gorduras na população adulta do Brasil. METODOLOGIA : Estudo transversal, de base nacional, com 12.402 adultos entrevistados em 100 cidades brasileiras. RESULTADOS : A orientação mais prevalente foi para ingestão de pouca gordura (38%), seguida das orientações para ingestão de pouco sal (36%) e açúcar (29%). O perfil de recebimento das diferentes orientações foi bastante similar e foi mais frequente entre mulheres, mais velhos, com companheiro, de nível econômico mais elevado, ex-tabagistas, ativos e portadores de hipertensão arterial, diabetes e excesso de peso. Indivíduos de cor da pele branca receberam mais orientação, com exceção da orientação para ingestão de pouco sal. CONCLUSÃO : A orientação é pouco realizada, configurando uma oportunidade perdida de prevenção à saúde. Embora a orientação alimentar não deva ser entendida apenas como a transmissão de orientações sobre alguns nutrientes, é importante o desenvolvimento de ações visando à qualificação de serviços e profissionais de saúde, para que a população tenha à disposição informações qualificadas sobre os benefícios de se ter hábitos saudáveis de vida. .

Valores de referencia de carbohidratos para la población venezolana / Reference values of carbohydrates for the Venezuelan population

Se realizó una actualización de las recomendaciones nutricionales de consumo de carbohidratos para la población venezolana. Para este trabajo se revisaron los conceptos, datos y la metodología que han seguido otros países o grupos de países para obtener y documentar sus propios valores de referencia, con objeto de ofrecer una información básica que facilite el establecimiento de los valores de referencia que mejor puedan adaptarse a la población venezolana. Los datos estudiados corresponden a poblaciones sanas y se tomaron como documentos de referencia las recomendaciones del Consejo de Alimentación y Nutrición de los EE.UU, los Comités de Expertos de Energía y Proteínas de FAO/OMS, entre otros. Como resultado de la revisión bibliográfica realizada, el histórico de la fórmula calórica de la población y los patrones alimentarios del venezolano, se propone que el consumo de carbohidratos totales aporte entre 50 y 60% de la fórmula calórica total y el aporte de azúcares simples no superen el 10%. Se sugiere incrementar el consumo de leguminosas, granos enteros, vegetales y frutas tropicales enteras.

An update of the nutritional recommendations for carbohydrate intake to the Venezuelan population was performed. For this work the concepts, data and methodology followed by other countries or groups of countries to obtain and document their own reference, in order to provide basic information to facilitate the establishment of reference values can be revised to better adapt to the Venezuelan population. The data correspond to healthy populations and taken as reference the recommendations of the Food and Nutrition Board of the U.S., the Committees of Experts on Energy and Protein FAO / WHO, among others. As a result of the literature review, the historical caloric formula of population and dietary patterns of Venezuela was propose the consumption of total carbohydrate intake between 50 and 60 % of total caloric intake and simple sugars do not exceed 10% of intake. It is suggested to increase the consumption of vegetables, whole grains, legumes, vegetables and whole tropical fruits.

Dietetic characteristics of a sample of Mayan dual burden households in Merida, Yucatan, Mexico / Características dietéticas de una muestra de hogares mayas con doble carga nutricional de Mérida, Yucatán, México.

The Maya are the most populous and shortest in stature Native American ethnic group. The Maya provide us a good opportunity to study the dietetic characteristics of a group who experience nutritional dual burden (the combination of under and overnutrition) at the individual, mother-child dyad and population level. The aim of this study is to describe general dietetic patterns of a sample of Maya mothers and children who experienced nutritional dual burden and were living in the city of Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. From February to July 2010 we applied food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) to 58 dyads of Maya mothers and their children (7-9 years old). The FFQ was developed by staff of the Department of Human Ecology at Cinvestav and included 78 foods, grouped in: cereals and tubers, foods of animal origin, leguminous vegetables, fats, fruits, vegetables, sugars, and daily products. The frequencies of consumption were classified in four levels: 1) no consumption, 2) low (1-2 days/week), 3) medium (3-4 days/week), high (5-7 days/week). The observed pattern suggests a low consumption of fruits and vegetables, a medium consumption of pork, eggs, oil and lard, and a high consumption of soda and whole milk. From these frequencies we extrapolated that the dietetic pattern is characterized by a low intake of fibre and micronutrients and high intake of fat and sugars, findings supported by previous National and regional studies. Our observations suggest that the studied group have a dietetic pattern that has moved away from a traditional Maya diet.

Los mayas, uno de los grupos étnicos más importantes en Mesoamérica y con menor estatura. Ellos nos otorgan la oportunidad de estudiar las características dietéticas de un grupo que muestra doble carga nutricional (DCN) (coexistencia de desnutrición y sobrepeso/obesidad) a nivel individual, en pares de madre-hijo y de población. El objetivo de este estudio es describir de manera general el patrón dietético de una muestra de madres e hijos mayas con DCN y que viven en la ciudad de Mérida, Yucatán, México. Entre febrero y julio de 2010 aplicamos cuestionarios de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos (CFCA) a 58 pares de madre-hijo (7-9 años de edad). Los CFCA, que fueron diseñados por el personal del Departamento de Ecología Humana del Cinvestav, incluyeron 78 alimentos agrupados en cereales y tubérculos, de origen animal, leguminosas, grasas, frutas, verduras, azúcares y lácteos. Las frecuencias de consumo fueron clasificadas en: 1) sin consumo, 2) bajo (1-2 días por semana), 3) medio (3-4 días por semana) y 4) alto (5-7 días por semana). El patrón observado sugiere un consumo bajo de frutas y verduras, consumo medio de carne de cerdo, huevo, aceite y manteca de cerdo y consumo elevado de refrescos embotellados y leche entera. En conclusión, sugerimos que el patrón dietético encontrado, se caracteriza por una ingesta pobre en fibra y micronutrientes y alto en grasa y azucares, resultados que muestran similitudes con estudios nacionales y regionales. Nuestras observaciones también sugieren que el grupo estudiado se ha alejado de un patrón dietético maya tradicional.

Consumo de macronutrientes e ingestão inadequada de micronutrientes em adultos / Macronutrient consumption and inadequate micronutrient intake in adults / Consumo de macronutrientes e ingestión inadecuada de micronutrientes en adultos

OBJETIVO: Estimar o consumo de energia e nutrientes e a prevalência de ingestão inadequada de micronutrientes entre adultos brasileiros. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados dados do Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação da Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar 2008-2009. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por dois dias de registro alimentar não consecutivos. Um total de 21.003 indivíduos (52,5% mulheres) entre 20 e 59 anos de idade participou do estudo. A ingestão usual de nutrientes foi estimada pelo método proposto pelo National Cancer Institute. As prevalências de ingestão inadequada de micronutrientes foram obtidas pelo método da necessidade média estimada (EAR) como ponto de corte. Para manganês e potássio, a Ingestão Adequada (AI) foi usada como ponto de corte. A ingestão de sódio foi comparada com o nível de ingestão máximo tolerável (UL). A prevalência de inadequação da ingestão de ferro foi determinada por abordagem probabilística. Os dados foram analisados de acordo com a localização do domicílio (área urbana ou rural) e as macrorregiões do país. RESULTADOS: A média do consumo energético foi de 2.083 kcal entre os homens e 1.698 kcal entre as mulheres. Prevalências de inadequação maiores ou iguais a 70% foram observadas para cálcio entre os homens e magnésio, vitamina A, sódio em ambos os sexos. Prevalências maiores ou iguais a 90% foram encontradas para cálcio entre as mulheres e vitaminas D e E em ambos os sexos. Prevalências menores que 5% foram encontradas para ferro entre os homens e niacina para homens e mulheres. No geral, a prevalência de ingestão inadequada foi mais acentuada na área rural e na região Nordeste. CONCLUSÕES: O consumo de energia é maior entre indivíduos residentes em áreas urbanas e da região Norte. Os grupos com maior risco de ingestão inadequada de micronutrientes são as mulheres e os que residem na área rural e na região Nordeste.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate energy and nutrient intake and prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intake among Brazilian adults. METHODS: Data from the National Dietary Survey, from the 2008-2009 Household Budget Survey, were used. Food consumption was evaluated through food record on two non-consecutive days. A total of 21,003 individuals (52.5% women), between 20-59 years old, participated in the survey. Usual nutrient intake was estimated according to the National Cancer Institute method. The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) cut-off points were used to determine the prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intake. For manganese and potassium, the Adequate Intake (AI) was used as cut-off. Sodium intake was compared with the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL). The probability approach was used to determine the prevalence of inadequate iron intake. The data were analyzed according to the location of the household (urban or rural) and macro regions of Brazil. RESULTS: The mean energy intake was 2,083 kcal among men and 1,698 kcal among women. Prevalence of inadequacy equal to or greater than 70% were observed for calcium among men and magnesium, vitamin A, and sodium among both men and women. Prevalence equal to or greater than 90% were found for calcium in women and vitamins D and E in both genders. Prevalence lower than 5% were found for iron in men and for niacin in men and women. In general, prevalence of inadequate intake was higher in the rural area and in the Northeast region. CONCLUSIONS: Energy intake was higher among individuals who live in urban areas and in the North region. The greatest risk groups of inadequate micronutrient intake were women and those living in rural areas and in the Northeast region.

OBJETIVO: Estimar el consumo de energía y nutrientes y la prevalencia de ingestión inadecuada de micronutrientes entre adultos brasileños. MÉTODOS: Se analizaron datos de la Pesquisa Nacional de Alimentación de la Investigación de Presupuesto Familiar 2008-2009. El consumo de alimentos fue evaluado por dos días no consecutivos de registro alimenticio. Un total de 21.003 individuos (52,5% mujeres) entre 20 y 59 años de edad participó del estudio. La ingesta usual de nutrientes fue estimada por el método propuesto por el National Cancer Institute. Las prevalencias de ingestión inadecuada de micronutrientes fueron obtenidas por el método de la necesidad promedio estimada (EAR) como punto de corte. Para manganeso y potasio, la Ingestión Adecuada (IA) fue usada como punto de corte. La ingestión de sodio fue comparada con el nivel de ingestión máxima tolerable (UL). La prevalencia de ingestión inadecuada de hierro fue determinada por abordaje probabilístico. RESULTADOS: El promedio de consumo energético fue de 2.083 kcal entre los hombres y 1698 kcal entre las mujeres. Prevalencias de ingesta inadecuada mayores o iguales a 70% fueron observadas para calcio entre los hombre y magnesio, vitamina A, sodio en ambos sexos. Prevalencias mayores o iguales a 90% fueron encontradas para calcio entre las mujeres y vitaminas D y E en ambos sexos. Prevalencias menores que 5% fueron encontradas para hierro entre los hombres y niacina para hombres y mujeres. En general, la prevalencia de ingesta inadecuada fue más acentuada en el área rural y en la región Noreste. CONCLUSIONES: El consumo de energía es mayor entre individuos residentes en áreas urbanas y de la región norte. Los grupos con mayor riesgo de ingestión inadecuada de micronutrientes son las mujeres y los que residen en el área rural y en la región Noreste.